OPENVPN - CLIENT for windows
下載OPV-GUI
openvpn-2.2.2-install.exe
安裝
openvpn-2.2.2-install.exe
把製作好的
ca.crt
client.crt
client.key
#複製到client端的conf檔相同目錄下
C:\Program Files\OpenVPN\config
編輯 ***.ovpn
C:\Program Files\OpenVPN\config
ex: client.ovpn
**************************
client
dev tun (VPN 相同)
proto udp (VPN 相同)
remote 203.70.8.61 1194 (VPN -IP -PORT)
resolv-retry infinite
nobind
persist-key
persist-tun
ca ca.crt
cert client.crt (檔名)
key cleint.key (檔名)
ns-cert-type server
comp-lzo
route-delay 2
route-method exe
verb 3
2012-05-11
Centos OpenVPN 簡易建置流程
Centos OpenVPN 簡易建置流程
Setp 1
載 RPMforge 套件並安裝 http://rpmrepo.org/RPMforge/Using
wget http://packages.sw.be/rpmforge-release/rpmforge-release-0.5.1-1.el5.rf.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh rpmforge-release-0.5.1-1.el5.rf.i386.rpm
Setp 2
安裝OpenVPN
yum install openvpn
Setp 3
憑證製作
mkdir /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/
cp -Rf /usr/share/doc/openvpn-2.2.2/easy-rsa/* /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/
cd /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/2.0
chmod a+x build* clean-all inherit-inter list-crl pkitool revoke-full sign-req whichopensslcnf
Step 4
編輯vars檔案
vi vars
#key的長度，2048安全性更高一些
export KEY_SIZE=1024(2048)
#Server root CA有效期限（天數）
export CA_EXPIRE=730
#client憑證有效期限 (天數)
export KEY_EXPIRE=365
#以下部份是憑證資料
export KEY_COUNTRY="TW"
export KEY_PROVINCE="Taiwan"
export KEY_CITY="Taipei"
#以下兩個可自行設定
export KEY_ORG="Fort-Funston"
export KEY_EMAIL="me@myhost.mydomain"
Setp 5
製作Server端憑證
source ./vars
./clean-all
產生檔案：dh1024.pem (export KEY_SIZE=1024)
./build-dh
#產生檔案：ca.crt ca.key
./build-ca
產生檔案：server.csr server.key
Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key
……………………++++++
….++++++
writing new private key to ‘ca.key’
—–
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter ‘.’, the field will be left blank.
—–
Country Name (2 letter code) [TW]:En
State or Province Name (full name) [Taiwan]:En
Locality Name (eg, city) [Taipei]:En
Organization Name (eg, company) [Black-Xstar Net Empire]:En
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:En
Common Name (eg, your name or your server’s hostname) [Black-Xstar Net Empire CA]:En
Name []:En
Email Address [webmaster@black-xstar.com]:En
# Server端金鑰
./build-key-server server (server 自訂)
Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key
…++++++
……………++++++
writing new private key to ’server.key’
—–
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter ‘.’, the field will be left blank.
—–
Country Name (2 letter code) [TW]:En
State or Province Name (full name) [Taiwan]:En
Locality Name (eg, city) [Taipei]:En
Organization Name (eg, company) [Black-Xstar Net Empire]:En
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:En
Common Name (eg, your name or your server’s hostname) [server]:En
Name []:En
Email Address [webmaster@black-xstar.com]:En
Please enter the following ‘extra’ attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:En
An optional company name []:En
Using configuration from /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/2.0/openssl.cnf
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
The Subject’s Distinguished Name is as follows
countryName RINTABLE:’CN’
stateOrProvinceName RINTABLE:’GD’
localityName RINTABLE:’GZ’
organizationName RINTABLE:’Black-Xstar Net Empire’
commonName RINTABLE:’server’
emailAddress :IA5STRING:’webmaster@black-xstar.com’
Certificate is to be certified until Nov 18 17:25:15 2019 GMT (3650 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y
1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
# Client端金鑰
./build-key client (client 自訂)
Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key
…….++++++
………++++++
writing new private key to ‘client1.key’
—–
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter ‘.’, the field will be left blank.
—–
Country Name (2 letter code) [CN]:En
State or Province Name (full name) [GD]:En
Locality Name (eg, city) [GZ]:En
Organization Name (eg, company) [Black-Xstar Net Empire]:En
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:En
Common Name (eg, your name or your server’s hostname) [client1]:En
Name []:En
Email Address [webmaster@black-xstar.com]:En
Please enter the following ‘extra’ attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:En
An optional company name []:En
Using configuration from /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/2.0/openssl.cnf
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
The Subject’s Distinguished Name is as follows
countryName RINTABLE:’CN’
stateOrProvinceName RINTABLE:’GD’
localityName RINTABLE:’GZ’
organizationName RINTABLE:’Black-Xstar Net Empire’
commonName RINTABLE:’client1′
emailAddress :IA5STRING:’webmaster@black-xstar.com’
Certificate is to be certified until Nov 18 17:31:21 2019 GMT (3650 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y
1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
#Step 6
#建立link
cd /etc/openvpn
ln -s easy-rsa/2.0/keys/
Step 7
vi server.conf
********************START************************
# Which local IP address should OpenVPN
# listen on? (optional)
local 203.70.8.61 (更改IP)
# Which TCP/UDP port should OpenVPN listen on?
# If you want to run multiple OpenVPN instances
# on the same machine, use a different port
# number for each one. You will need to
# open up this port on your firewall.
port 1194 (更改 port)
# TCP or UDP server?
;proto tcp
proto udp (tcp/udp)
# "dev tun" will create a routed IP tunnel,
# "dev tap" will create an ethernet tunnel.
# Use "dev tap0" if you are ethernet bridging
# and have precreated a tap0 virtual interface
# and bridged it with your ethernet interface.
# If you want to control access policies
# over the VPN, you must create firewall
# rules for the the TUN/TAP interface.
# On non-Windows systems, you can give
# an explicit unit number, such as tun0.
# On Windows, use "dev-node" for this.
# On most systems, the VPN will not function
# unless you partially or fully disable
# the firewall for the TUN/TAP interface.
;dev tap
dev tun
# Windows needs the TAP-Win32 adapter name
# from the Network Connections panel if you
# have more than one. On XP SP2 or higher,
# you may need to selectively disable the
# Windows firewall for the TAP adapter.
# Non-Windows systems usually don't need this.
;dev-node MyTap
# SSL/TLS root certificate (ca), certificate
# (cert), and private key (key). Each client
# and the server must have their own cert and
# key file. The server and all clients will
# use the same ca file.
#
# See the "easy-rsa" directory for a series
# of scripts for generating RSA certificates
# and private keys. Remember to use
# a unique Common Name for the server
# and each of the client certificates.
#
# Any X509 key management system can be used.
# OpenVPN can also use a PKCS #12 formatted key file
# (see "pkcs12" directive in man page).
ca ca.crt
cert server.crt
key server.key # This file should be kept secret
# Diffie hellman parameters.
# Generate your own with:
# openssl dhparam -out dh1024.pem 1024
# Substitute 2048 for 1024 if you are using
# 2048 bit keys.
dh dh1024.pem (dh1024.pem) (export KEY_SIZE=1024)
# Configure server mode and supply a VPN subnet
# for OpenVPN to draw client addresses from.
# The server will take 10.8.0.1 for itself,
# the rest will be made available to clients.
# Each client will be able to reach the server
# on 10.8.0.1. Comment this line out if you are
# ethernet bridging. See the man page for more info.
server 10.9.0.0 255.255.255.0 (VPN網段)
# Maintain a record of client <-> virtual IP address
# associations in this file. If OpenVPN goes down or
# is restarted, reconnecting clients can be assigned
# the same virtual IP address from the pool that was
# previously assigned.
ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt (cleint ip 會記錄在 ipp.txt)
# Configure server mode for ethernet bridging.
# You must first use your OS's bridging capability
# to bridge the TAP interface with the ethernet
# NIC interface. Then you must manually set the
# IP/netmask on the bridge interface, here we
# assume 10.8.0.4/255.255.255.0. Finally we
# must set aside an IP range in this subnet
# (start=10.8.0.50 end=10.8.0.100) to allocate
# to connecting clients. Leave this line commented
# out unless you are ethernet bridging.
;server-bridge 10.8.0.4 255.255.255.0 10.8.0.50 10.8.0.100
# Configure server mode for ethernet bridging
# using a DHCP-proxy, where clients talk
# to the OpenVPN server-side DHCP server
# to receive their IP address allocation
# and DNS server addresses. You must first use
# your OS's bridging capability to bridge the TAP
# interface with the ethernet NIC interface.
# Note: this mode only works on clients (such as
# Windows), where the client-side TAP adapter is
# bound to a DHCP client.
;server-bridge
# Push routes to the client to allow it
# to reach other private subnets behind
# the server. Remember that these
# private subnets will also need
# to know to route the OpenVPN client
# address pool (10.8.0.0/255.255.255.0)
# back to the OpenVPN server.
;push "route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0"
;push "route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0"
push "route 10.10.1.0 255.255.255.0" (routing 10.10.1.* 這個網段)
# To assign specific IP addresses to specific
# clients or if a connecting client has a private
# subnet behind it that should also have VPN access,
# use the subdirectory "ccd" for client-specific
# configuration files (see man page for more info).
# EXAMPLE: Suppose the client
# having the certificate common name "Thelonious"
# also has a small subnet behind his connecting
# machine, such as 192.168.40.128/255.255.255.248.
# First, uncomment out these lines:
client-config-dir /etc/openvpn/ccd (將固定IP寫入 /etc/openvpn/ccd 讓users撥號時取得固定IP)
;route 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248
# Then create a file ccd/Thelonious with this line:
# iroute 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248
# This will allow Thelonious' private subnet to
# access the VPN. This example will only work
# if you are routing, not bridging, i.e. you are
# using "dev tun" and "server" directives.
# EXAMPLE: Suppose you want to give
# Thelonious a fixed VPN IP address of 10.9.0.1.
# First uncomment out these lines:
;client-config-dir ccd
;route 10.9.0.0 255.255.255.252
# Then add this line to ccd/Thelonious:
# ifconfig-push 10.9.0.1 10.9.0.2
# Suppose that you want to enable different
# firewall access policies for different groups
# of clients. There are two methods:
# (1) Run multiple OpenVPN daemons, one for each
# group, and firewall the TUN/TAP interface
# for each group/daemon appropriately.
# (2) (Advanced) Create a script to dynamically
# modify the firewall in response to access
# from different clients. See man
# page for more info on learn-address script.
;learn-address ./script
# If enabled, this directive will configure
# all clients to redirect their default
# network gateway through the VPN, causing
# all IP traffic such as web browsing and
# and DNS lookups to go through the VPN
# (The OpenVPN server machine may need to NAT
# or bridge the TUN/TAP interface to the internet
# in order for this to work properly).
;push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp"
;push "redirect-gateway" (不取得VPN的網段的GW)
# Certain Windows-specific network settings
# can be pushed to clients, such as DNS
# or WINS server addresses. CAVEAT:
# http://openvpn.net/faq.html#dhcpcaveats
# The addresses below refer to the public
# DNS servers provided by opendns.com.
;push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.222.222"
;push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.220.220"
# Uncomment this directive to allow different
# clients to be able to "see" each other.
# By default, clients will only see the server.
# To force clients to only see the server, you
# will also need to appropriately firewall the
# server's TUN/TAP interface.
;client-to-client (讓撥入vpn的users能互相連接)
# Uncomment this directive if multiple clients
# might connect with the same certificate/key
# files or common names. This is recommended
# only for testing purposes. For production use,
# each client should have its own certificate/key
# pair.
#
# IF YOU HAVE NOT GENERATED INDIVIDUAL
# CERTIFICATE/KEY PAIRS FOR EACH CLIENT,
# EACH HAVING ITS OWN UNIQUE "COMMON NAME",
# UNCOMMENT THIS LINE OUT.
;duplicate-cn
# The keepalive directive causes ping-like
# messages to be sent back and forth over
# the link so that each side knows when
# the other side has gone down.
# Ping every 10 seconds, assume that remote
# peer is down if no ping received during
# a 120 second time period.
keepalive 10 120
# For extra security beyond that provided
# by SSL/TLS, create an "HMAC firewall"
# to help block DoS attacks and UDP port flooding.
#
# Generate with:
# openvpn --genkey --secret ta.key
#
# The server and each client must have
# a copy of this key.
# The second parameter should be '0'
# on the server and '1' on the clients.
;tls-auth ta.key 0 # This file is secret
# Select a cryptographic cipher.
# This config item must be copied to
# the client config file as well.
;cipher BF-CBC # Blowfish (default)
;cipher AES-128-CBC # AES
;cipher DES-EDE3-CBC # Triple-DES
# Enable compression on the VPN link.
# If you enable it here, you must also
# enable it in the client config file.
comp-lzo
# The maximum number of concurrently connected
# clients we want to allow.
;max-clients 100
# It's a good idea to reduce the OpenVPN
# daemon's privileges after initialization.
#
# You can uncomment this out on
# non-Windows systems.
;user nobody
;group nobody
# The persist options will try to avoid
# accessing certain resources on restart
# that may no longer be accessible because
# of the privilege downgrade.
persist-key
persist-tun
# Output a short status file showing
# current connections, truncated
# and rewritten every minute.
status openvpn-status.log
# By default, log messages will go to the syslog (or
# on Windows, if running as a service, they will go to
# the "\Program Files\OpenVPN\log" directory).
# Use log or log-append to override this default.
# "log" will truncate the log file on OpenVPN startup,
# while "log-append" will append to it. Use one
# or the other (but not both).
;log openvpn.log
;log-append openvpn.log
# Set the appropriate level of log
# file verbosity.
#
# 0 is silent, except for fatal errors
# 4 is reasonable for general usage
# 5 and 6 can help to debug connection problems
# 9 is extremely verbose
verb 3
# Silence repeating messages. At most 20
# sequential messages of the same message
# category will be output to the log.
;mute 20
********************END***************************
※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※
五、固定IP地址分配
在Server端配置文件(server.conf)里：
;client-config-dir ccd
;route 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.252
在/etc/openvpn文件夾下新建名為ccd文件夾，在ccd 文件夾里以客戶名為名新建文件，內容格式如下：
ifconfig-push 10.8.0.20 10.8.0.120
客戶端啟動後即獲得IP地: 10.8.0.20
要注意上面格式只對linux有效，如果客戶端為windows,則客戶端會連接不成功。因為openvpn在windows下時， 其local IP 與remote IP 必須在網址掩碼
為255.255.255.252的同一網段內，而且不能取頭尾兩端的IP，因此一個openvpn連接在windows下最少要佔用4個ip地址windows 下的客戶端IP配置必須為如下形式
ifconfig-push 10.8.0.30 10.8.0.29
因為10.8.0.28/30網段包含以下IP： 10.8.0.28-31, 去除頭尾，只有29與30可用。其他類推。
六、訪問外網設置
開啟服務器端路由轉發功能
# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
#為了使CentOS重啟後仍然開啟路由轉發功能我們需要再執行下列命令
# sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
添加iptables轉發規則
#因為我的CentOS是ADSL撥號上網,所以把出口設置成ppp0,請根據實際情況設置， 如eth0
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE
必須保證server.conf配置中,有下面三個配置
push "dhcp-option DNS 10.8.0.1"
push "dhcp-option DNS 202.103.44.150" #客戶端獲得的DNS地址
push "dhcp-option DNS 202.103.24.68" #客戶端獲得的DNS地址
※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※
cp /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/2.0/keys/dh1024.pem /etc/openvpn/
cp /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/2.0/keys/ca.* /etc/openvpn/
cp /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/2.0/keys/server.* /etc/openvpn/
ll -ls /etc/openvpn/
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1379 May 7 16:21 ca.crt
-rw------- 1 root root 887 May 7 16:21 ca.key
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 8 11:23 ccd
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 245 May 7 16:21 dh1024.pem
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 May 7 16:14 easy-rsa
-rw------- 1 root root 76 May 8 12:12 ipp.txt
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 18 May 7 16:18 keys -> easy-rsa/2.0/keys/
-rw------- 1 root root 370 May 8 12:12 openvpn-status.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10366 May 8 11:08 server.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4120 May 7 16:22 server.crt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 729 May 7 16:22 server.csr
-rw------- 1 root root 887 May 7 16:22 server.key
vim /etc/openvpn/ccd/client
ifconfig-push 10.9.0.65 10.9.0.66 (255.255.255.252)
[ 1, 2] [ 5, 6] [ 9, 10] [ 13, 14] [ 17, 18]
[ 21, 22] [ 25, 26] [ 29, 30] [ 33, 34] [ 37, 38]
[ 41, 42] [ 45, 46] [ 49, 50] [ 53, 54] [ 57, 58]
[ 61, 62] [ 65, 66] [ 69, 70] [ 73, 74] [ 77, 78]
[ 81, 82] [ 85, 86] [ 89, 90] [ 93, 94] [ 97, 98]
[101,102] [105,106] [109,110] [113,114] [117,118]
[121,122] [125,126] [129,130] [133,134] [137,138]
[141,142] [145,146] [149,150] [153,154] [157,158]
[161,162] [165,166] [169,170] [173,174] [177,178]
[181,182] [185,186] [189,190] [193,194] [197,198]
[201,202] [205,206] [209,210] [213,214] [217,218]
[221,222] [225,226] [229,230] [233,234] [237,238]
[241,242] [245,246] [249,250] [253,254]
chkconfig openvpn on
/etc/init.d/openvpn start
Step 8
#允許轉IPv4轉送
vim /etc/init.d/openvpn
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward (註解移掉)
or
vi /etc/sysctl.conf
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0 改成 net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
sysctl -p
/etc/init.d/openvpn start
How to insatll VPN on Windows Server
Setp 1
載 RPMforge 套件並安裝 http://rpmrepo.org/RPMforge/Using
wget http://packages.sw.be/rpmforge-release/rpmforge-release-0.5.1-1.el5.rf.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh rpmforge-release-0.5.1-1.el5.rf.i386.rpm
Setp 2
安裝OpenVPN
yum install openvpn
Setp 3
憑證製作
mkdir /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/
cp -Rf /usr/share/doc/openvpn-2.2.2/easy-rsa/* /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/
cd /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/2.0
chmod a+x build* clean-all inherit-inter list-crl pkitool revoke-full sign-req whichopensslcnf
Step 4
編輯vars檔案
vi vars
#key的長度，2048安全性更高一些
export KEY_SIZE=1024(2048)
#Server root CA有效期限（天數）
export CA_EXPIRE=730
#client憑證有效期限 (天數)
export KEY_EXPIRE=365
#以下部份是憑證資料
export KEY_COUNTRY="TW"
export KEY_PROVINCE="Taiwan"
export KEY_CITY="Taipei"
#以下兩個可自行設定
export KEY_ORG="Fort-Funston"
export KEY_EMAIL="me@myhost.mydomain"
Setp 5
製作Server端憑證
source ./vars
./clean-all
產生檔案：dh1024.pem (export KEY_SIZE=1024)
./build-dh
#產生檔案：ca.crt ca.key
./build-ca
產生檔案：server.csr server.key
Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key
……………………++++++
….++++++
writing new private key to ‘ca.key’
—–
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter ‘.’, the field will be left blank.
—–
Country Name (2 letter code) [TW]:En
State or Province Name (full name) [Taiwan]:En
Locality Name (eg, city) [Taipei]:En
Organization Name (eg, company) [Black-Xstar Net Empire]:En
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:En
Common Name (eg, your name or your server’s hostname) [Black-Xstar Net Empire CA]:En
Name []:En
Email Address [webmaster@black-xstar.com]:En
# Server端金鑰
./build-key-server server (server 自訂)
Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key
…++++++
……………++++++
writing new private key to ’server.key’
—–
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter ‘.’, the field will be left blank.
—–
Country Name (2 letter code) [TW]:En
State or Province Name (full name) [Taiwan]:En
Locality Name (eg, city) [Taipei]:En
Organization Name (eg, company) [Black-Xstar Net Empire]:En
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:En
Common Name (eg, your name or your server’s hostname) [server]:En
Name []:En
Email Address [webmaster@black-xstar.com]:En
Please enter the following ‘extra’ attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:En
An optional company name []:En
Using configuration from /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/2.0/openssl.cnf
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
The Subject’s Distinguished Name is as follows
countryName RINTABLE:’CN’
stateOrProvinceName RINTABLE:’GD’
localityName RINTABLE:’GZ’
organizationName RINTABLE:’Black-Xstar Net Empire’
commonName RINTABLE:’server’
emailAddress :IA5STRING:’webmaster@black-xstar.com’
Certificate is to be certified until Nov 18 17:25:15 2019 GMT (3650 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y
1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
# Client端金鑰
./build-key client (client 自訂)
Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key
…….++++++
………++++++
writing new private key to ‘client1.key’
—–
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter ‘.’, the field will be left blank.
—–
Country Name (2 letter code) [CN]:En
State or Province Name (full name) [GD]:En
Locality Name (eg, city) [GZ]:En
Organization Name (eg, company) [Black-Xstar Net Empire]:En
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:En
Common Name (eg, your name or your server’s hostname) [client1]:En
Name []:En
Email Address [webmaster@black-xstar.com]:En
Please enter the following ‘extra’ attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:En
An optional company name []:En
Using configuration from /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/2.0/openssl.cnf
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
The Subject’s Distinguished Name is as follows
countryName RINTABLE:’CN’
stateOrProvinceName RINTABLE:’GD’
localityName RINTABLE:’GZ’
organizationName RINTABLE:’Black-Xstar Net Empire’
commonName RINTABLE:’client1′
emailAddress :IA5STRING:’webmaster@black-xstar.com’
Certificate is to be certified until Nov 18 17:31:21 2019 GMT (3650 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y
1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
#Step 6
#建立link
cd /etc/openvpn
ln -s easy-rsa/2.0/keys/
Step 7
vi server.conf
********************START************************
# Which local IP address should OpenVPN
# listen on? (optional)
local 203.70.8.61 (更改IP)
# Which TCP/UDP port should OpenVPN listen on?
# If you want to run multiple OpenVPN instances
# on the same machine, use a different port
# number for each one. You will need to
# open up this port on your firewall.
port 1194 (更改 port)
# TCP or UDP server?
;proto tcp
proto udp (tcp/udp)
# "dev tun" will create a routed IP tunnel,
# "dev tap" will create an ethernet tunnel.
# Use "dev tap0" if you are ethernet bridging
# and have precreated a tap0 virtual interface
# and bridged it with your ethernet interface.
# If you want to control access policies
# over the VPN, you must create firewall
# rules for the the TUN/TAP interface.
# On non-Windows systems, you can give
# an explicit unit number, such as tun0.
# On Windows, use "dev-node" for this.
# On most systems, the VPN will not function
# unless you partially or fully disable
# the firewall for the TUN/TAP interface.
;dev tap
dev tun
# Windows needs the TAP-Win32 adapter name
# from the Network Connections panel if you
# have more than one. On XP SP2 or higher,
# you may need to selectively disable the
# Windows firewall for the TAP adapter.
# Non-Windows systems usually don't need this.
;dev-node MyTap
# SSL/TLS root certificate (ca), certificate
# (cert), and private key (key). Each client
# and the server must have their own cert and
# key file. The server and all clients will
# use the same ca file.
#
# See the "easy-rsa" directory for a series
# of scripts for generating RSA certificates
# and private keys. Remember to use
# a unique Common Name for the server
# and each of the client certificates.
#
# Any X509 key management system can be used.
# OpenVPN can also use a PKCS #12 formatted key file
# (see "pkcs12" directive in man page).
ca ca.crt
cert server.crt
key server.key # This file should be kept secret
# Diffie hellman parameters.
# Generate your own with:
# openssl dhparam -out dh1024.pem 1024
# Substitute 2048 for 1024 if you are using
# 2048 bit keys.
dh dh1024.pem (dh1024.pem) (export KEY_SIZE=1024)
# Configure server mode and supply a VPN subnet
# for OpenVPN to draw client addresses from.
# The server will take 10.8.0.1 for itself,
# the rest will be made available to clients.
# Each client will be able to reach the server
# on 10.8.0.1. Comment this line out if you are
# ethernet bridging. See the man page for more info.
server 10.9.0.0 255.255.255.0 (VPN網段)
# Maintain a record of client <-> virtual IP address
# associations in this file. If OpenVPN goes down or
# is restarted, reconnecting clients can be assigned
# the same virtual IP address from the pool that was
# previously assigned.
ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt (cleint ip 會記錄在 ipp.txt)
# Configure server mode for ethernet bridging.
# You must first use your OS's bridging capability
# to bridge the TAP interface with the ethernet
# NIC interface. Then you must manually set the
# IP/netmask on the bridge interface, here we
# assume 10.8.0.4/255.255.255.0. Finally we
# must set aside an IP range in this subnet
# (start=10.8.0.50 end=10.8.0.100) to allocate
# to connecting clients. Leave this line commented
# out unless you are ethernet bridging.
;server-bridge 10.8.0.4 255.255.255.0 10.8.0.50 10.8.0.100
# Configure server mode for ethernet bridging
# using a DHCP-proxy, where clients talk
# to the OpenVPN server-side DHCP server
# to receive their IP address allocation
# and DNS server addresses. You must first use
# your OS's bridging capability to bridge the TAP
# interface with the ethernet NIC interface.
# Note: this mode only works on clients (such as
# Windows), where the client-side TAP adapter is
# bound to a DHCP client.
;server-bridge
# Push routes to the client to allow it
# to reach other private subnets behind
# the server. Remember that these
# private subnets will also need
# to know to route the OpenVPN client
# address pool (10.8.0.0/255.255.255.0)
# back to the OpenVPN server.
;push "route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0"
;push "route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0"
push "route 10.10.1.0 255.255.255.0" (routing 10.10.1.* 這個網段)
# To assign specific IP addresses to specific
# clients or if a connecting client has a private
# subnet behind it that should also have VPN access,
# use the subdirectory "ccd" for client-specific
# configuration files (see man page for more info).
# EXAMPLE: Suppose the client
# having the certificate common name "Thelonious"
# also has a small subnet behind his connecting
# machine, such as 192.168.40.128/255.255.255.248.
# First, uncomment out these lines:
client-config-dir /etc/openvpn/ccd (將固定IP寫入 /etc/openvpn/ccd 讓users撥號時取得固定IP)
;route 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248
# Then create a file ccd/Thelonious with this line:
# iroute 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248
# This will allow Thelonious' private subnet to
# access the VPN. This example will only work
# if you are routing, not bridging, i.e. you are
# using "dev tun" and "server" directives.
# EXAMPLE: Suppose you want to give
# Thelonious a fixed VPN IP address of 10.9.0.1.
# First uncomment out these lines:
;client-config-dir ccd
;route 10.9.0.0 255.255.255.252
# Then add this line to ccd/Thelonious:
# ifconfig-push 10.9.0.1 10.9.0.2
# Suppose that you want to enable different
# firewall access policies for different groups
# of clients. There are two methods:
# (1) Run multiple OpenVPN daemons, one for each
# group, and firewall the TUN/TAP interface
# for each group/daemon appropriately.
# (2) (Advanced) Create a script to dynamically
# modify the firewall in response to access
# from different clients. See man
# page for more info on learn-address script.
;learn-address ./script
# If enabled, this directive will configure
# all clients to redirect their default
# network gateway through the VPN, causing
# all IP traffic such as web browsing and
# and DNS lookups to go through the VPN
# (The OpenVPN server machine may need to NAT
# or bridge the TUN/TAP interface to the internet
# in order for this to work properly).
;push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp"
;push "redirect-gateway" (不取得VPN的網段的GW)
# Certain Windows-specific network settings
# can be pushed to clients, such as DNS
# or WINS server addresses. CAVEAT:
# http://openvpn.net/faq.html#dhcpcaveats
# The addresses below refer to the public
# DNS servers provided by opendns.com.
;push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.222.222"
;push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.220.220"
# Uncomment this directive to allow different
# clients to be able to "see" each other.
# By default, clients will only see the server.
# To force clients to only see the server, you
# will also need to appropriately firewall the
# server's TUN/TAP interface.
;client-to-client (讓撥入vpn的users能互相連接)
# Uncomment this directive if multiple clients
# might connect with the same certificate/key
# files or common names. This is recommended
# only for testing purposes. For production use,
# each client should have its own certificate/key
# pair.
#
# IF YOU HAVE NOT GENERATED INDIVIDUAL
# CERTIFICATE/KEY PAIRS FOR EACH CLIENT,
# EACH HAVING ITS OWN UNIQUE "COMMON NAME",
# UNCOMMENT THIS LINE OUT.
;duplicate-cn
# The keepalive directive causes ping-like
# messages to be sent back and forth over
# the link so that each side knows when
# the other side has gone down.
# Ping every 10 seconds, assume that remote
# peer is down if no ping received during
# a 120 second time period.
keepalive 10 120
# For extra security beyond that provided
# by SSL/TLS, create an "HMAC firewall"
# to help block DoS attacks and UDP port flooding.
#
# Generate with:
# openvpn --genkey --secret ta.key
#
# The server and each client must have
# a copy of this key.
# The second parameter should be '0'
# on the server and '1' on the clients.
;tls-auth ta.key 0 # This file is secret
# Select a cryptographic cipher.
# This config item must be copied to
# the client config file as well.
;cipher BF-CBC # Blowfish (default)
;cipher AES-128-CBC # AES
;cipher DES-EDE3-CBC # Triple-DES
# Enable compression on the VPN link.
# If you enable it here, you must also
# enable it in the client config file.
comp-lzo
# The maximum number of concurrently connected
# clients we want to allow.
;max-clients 100
# It's a good idea to reduce the OpenVPN
# daemon's privileges after initialization.
#
# You can uncomment this out on
# non-Windows systems.
;user nobody
;group nobody
# The persist options will try to avoid
# accessing certain resources on restart
# that may no longer be accessible because
# of the privilege downgrade.
persist-key
persist-tun
# Output a short status file showing
# current connections, truncated
# and rewritten every minute.
status openvpn-status.log
# By default, log messages will go to the syslog (or
# on Windows, if running as a service, they will go to
# the "\Program Files\OpenVPN\log" directory).
# Use log or log-append to override this default.
# "log" will truncate the log file on OpenVPN startup,
# while "log-append" will append to it. Use one
# or the other (but not both).
;log openvpn.log
;log-append openvpn.log
# Set the appropriate level of log
# file verbosity.
#
# 0 is silent, except for fatal errors
# 4 is reasonable for general usage
# 5 and 6 can help to debug connection problems
# 9 is extremely verbose
verb 3
# Silence repeating messages. At most 20
# sequential messages of the same message
# category will be output to the log.
;mute 20
********************END***************************
※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※
五、固定IP地址分配
在Server端配置文件(server.conf)里：
;client-config-dir ccd
;route 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.252
在/etc/openvpn文件夾下新建名為ccd文件夾，在ccd 文件夾里以客戶名為名新建文件，內容格式如下：
ifconfig-push 10.8.0.20 10.8.0.120
客戶端啟動後即獲得IP地: 10.8.0.20
要注意上面格式只對linux有效，如果客戶端為windows,則客戶端會連接不成功。因為openvpn在windows下時， 其local IP 與remote IP 必須在網址掩碼
為255.255.255.252的同一網段內，而且不能取頭尾兩端的IP，因此一個openvpn連接在windows下最少要佔用4個ip地址windows 下的客戶端IP配置必須為如下形式
ifconfig-push 10.8.0.30 10.8.0.29
因為10.8.0.28/30網段包含以下IP： 10.8.0.28-31, 去除頭尾，只有29與30可用。其他類推。
六、訪問外網設置
開啟服務器端路由轉發功能
# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
#為了使CentOS重啟後仍然開啟路由轉發功能我們需要再執行下列命令
# sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
添加iptables轉發規則
#因為我的CentOS是ADSL撥號上網,所以把出口設置成ppp0,請根據實際情況設置， 如eth0
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE
必須保證server.conf配置中,有下面三個配置
push "dhcp-option DNS 10.8.0.1"
push "dhcp-option DNS 202.103.44.150" #客戶端獲得的DNS地址
push "dhcp-option DNS 202.103.24.68" #客戶端獲得的DNS地址
※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※
cp /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/2.0/keys/dh1024.pem /etc/openvpn/
cp /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/2.0/keys/ca.* /etc/openvpn/
cp /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/2.0/keys/server.* /etc/openvpn/
ll -ls /etc/openvpn/
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1379 May 7 16:21 ca.crt
-rw------- 1 root root 887 May 7 16:21 ca.key
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 8 11:23 ccd
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 245 May 7 16:21 dh1024.pem
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 May 7 16:14 easy-rsa
-rw------- 1 root root 76 May 8 12:12 ipp.txt
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 18 May 7 16:18 keys -> easy-rsa/2.0/keys/
-rw------- 1 root root 370 May 8 12:12 openvpn-status.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10366 May 8 11:08 server.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4120 May 7 16:22 server.crt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 729 May 7 16:22 server.csr
-rw------- 1 root root 887 May 7 16:22 server.key
vim /etc/openvpn/ccd/client
ifconfig-push 10.9.0.65 10.9.0.66 (255.255.255.252)
[ 1, 2] [ 5, 6] [ 9, 10] [ 13, 14] [ 17, 18]
[ 21, 22] [ 25, 26] [ 29, 30] [ 33, 34] [ 37, 38]
[ 41, 42] [ 45, 46] [ 49, 50] [ 53, 54] [ 57, 58]
[ 61, 62] [ 65, 66] [ 69, 70] [ 73, 74] [ 77, 78]
[ 81, 82] [ 85, 86] [ 89, 90] [ 93, 94] [ 97, 98]
[101,102] [105,106] [109,110] [113,114] [117,118]
[121,122] [125,126] [129,130] [133,134] [137,138]
[141,142] [145,146] [149,150] [153,154] [157,158]
[161,162] [165,166] [169,170] [173,174] [177,178]
[181,182] [185,186] [189,190] [193,194] [197,198]
[201,202] [205,206] [209,210] [213,214] [217,218]
[221,222] [225,226] [229,230] [233,234] [237,238]
[241,242] [245,246] [249,250] [253,254]
chkconfig openvpn on
/etc/init.d/openvpn start
Step 8
#允許轉IPv4轉送
vim /etc/init.d/openvpn
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward (註解移掉)
or
vi /etc/sysctl.conf
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0 改成 net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
sysctl -p
/etc/init.d/openvpn start
How to insatll VPN on Windows Server
Redmine 增加 themes 範例
Redmine 增加 themes 範例
※ 尚未建置 Redmine 可詳閱 建置 Redmine 完整流程
# A1
http://redminecrm.com/projects/a1theme/wiki (下載 a1-1_0_2.tar.gz)
tar -zxvf a1-1_0_2.tar.gz
mkdir -p /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/a1(自訂目錄)
cd ./a1
cp -R images /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/a1
cp -R stylesheets /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/al
(重啟 redmine)
cd /var/www/html/redmin
bundle install
http://yourip:3000
GO To Administratorn -> setting -> displayed -> a1 -> save
# inner
https://github.com/huacnlee/redmine-theme-innerboard
tar -zxvf huacnlee-redmine-theme-innerboard-9c3cf0d
mkdir -p /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/innerboard
cd ./huacnlee-redmine-theme-innerboard-9c3cf0d
cp -R imagine /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/innerborad
cp -R stylesheets /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/ineerboard
cp readme.textile /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/innerboard
(重啟 redmine)
cd /var/www/html/redmin
bundle install
http://yourip:3000
GO To Administratorn -> setting -> displayed -> inner -> save
# water
http://www.redmine.org/projects/redmine/wiki/ThemeWatersky
tar -zxvf /var/www/html/redmine/watersky_1.1.zip
mkdir -p /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/water
cd ./watersky
cp -R images /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/water
cp -R stylesheets /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/water
cp license.txt /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/water
(重啟 redmine)
cd /var/www/html/redmin
bundle install
http://yourip:3000
GO To Administratorn -> setting -> displayed -> water(選擇想要佈景) -> save
※ 尚未建置 Redmine 可詳閱 建置 Redmine 完整流程
# A1
http://redminecrm.com/projects/a1theme/wiki (下載 a1-1_0_2.tar.gz)
tar -zxvf a1-1_0_2.tar.gz
mkdir -p /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/a1(自訂目錄)
cd ./a1
cp -R images /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/a1
cp -R stylesheets /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/al
(重啟 redmine)
cd /var/www/html/redmin
bundle install
http://yourip:3000
GO To Administratorn -> setting -> displayed -> a1 -> save
# inner
https://github.com/huacnlee/redmine-theme-innerboard
tar -zxvf huacnlee-redmine-theme-innerboard-9c3cf0d
mkdir -p /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/innerboard
cd ./huacnlee-redmine-theme-innerboard-9c3cf0d
cp -R imagine /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/innerborad
cp -R stylesheets /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/ineerboard
cp readme.textile /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/innerboard
(重啟 redmine)
cd /var/www/html/redmin
bundle install
http://yourip:3000
GO To Administratorn -> setting -> displayed -> inner -> save
# water
http://www.redmine.org/projects/redmine/wiki/ThemeWatersky
tar -zxvf /var/www/html/redmine/watersky_1.1.zip
mkdir -p /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/water
cd ./watersky
cp -R images /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/water
cp -R stylesheets /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/water
cp license.txt /var/www/html/redmine/public/themes/water
(重啟 redmine)
cd /var/www/html/redmin
bundle install
http://yourip:3000
GO To Administratorn -> setting -> displayed -> water(選擇想要佈景) -> save
Centos install Clamav
Centos install Clamav
# 安裝 Clamav
wget http://pkgs.repoforge.org/clamav/clamav-0.97.4-1.el5.rf.x86_64.rpm
wget http://pkgs.repoforge.org/clamav/clamav-db-0.97.4-1.el5.rf.x86_64.rpm
wget http://pkgs.repoforge.org/clamav/clamav-devel-0.97.4-1.el5.rf.x86_64.rpm
wget http://pkgs.repoforge.org/clamav/clamd-0.97.4-1.el5.rf.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh clam*.rpm (安裝) ※yum remove clamv-* (移除,如果有安裝舊版)
/etc/init.d/clamd start
freshclam (更新)
# 排程更新病毒碼
vi /etc/crontab
0 0,12 * * * root /usr/bin/freshclam
# 下載測試病毒檔案
wget http://www.eicar.org/download/eicar.com
mv eicar.com /tmp
# 測試 clamd 的病毒掃描功能
clamscan /tmp/
Ubuntu 透過 apt-get 安裝
sudo apt-get install clamav
# 安裝 Clamav
wget http://pkgs.repoforge.org/clamav/clamav-0.97.4-1.el5.rf.x86_64.rpm
wget http://pkgs.repoforge.org/clamav/clamav-db-0.97.4-1.el5.rf.x86_64.rpm
wget http://pkgs.repoforge.org/clamav/clamav-devel-0.97.4-1.el5.rf.x86_64.rpm
wget http://pkgs.repoforge.org/clamav/clamd-0.97.4-1.el5.rf.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh clam*.rpm (安裝) ※yum remove clamv-* (移除,如果有安裝舊版)
/etc/init.d/clamd start
freshclam (更新)
# 排程更新病毒碼
vi /etc/crontab
0 0,12 * * * root /usr/bin/freshclam
# 下載測試病毒檔案
wget http://www.eicar.org/download/eicar.com
mv eicar.com /tmp
# 測試 clamd 的病毒掃描功能
clamscan /tmp/
Ubuntu 透過 apt-get 安裝
sudo apt-get install clamav
Centos install Redmine
Centos install Redmine
# 安裝 http php mysql 套件
yum -y install httpd httpd-devel mysql mysql-devel mysql-server php php-mysql php-mbstring php-mcrypt php-gd
# Mysql 啟動
chkconfig mysqld on
/etc/init.d/mysqld start
# Bind 安裝
chkconfig named on
/etc/init.d/named start
# SMTP POP3 安裝
chkconfig smtp on; chkconfig dovecot on
/etc/init.d/postfix start
/etc/init.d/dovecot start
# BIND 安裝 與 設定 請參閱 Centos 5 install BIND
# SMTP 與 Dovecot 安裝 與 設定 請參閱 Centos 安裝 Postfix + Dovecot
# Ruby install
ftp ftp.ruby-lang.org
anonymous
cd /pub/ruby/1.8
get ruby-1.8.7-p334.tar.gz
quit
tar -zxvf ruby-1.8.7-p334.tar.gz ruby-1.8.7-p334
cd ruby-1.8.7-p334
./configure
make
make install
# RubyGem install
cd /opt
wget http://production.cf.rubygems.org/rubygems/rubygems-1.4.2.tgz
tar -zxvf rubygems-1.4.2.tgz
ruby ./rubygems-1.4.2/setup.rb
ruby -v
gem -v
# Redmine 主程式下載
cd /var/www/html
wget http://rubyforge.org/frs/download.php/74722/redmine-1.1.3.tar.gz
tar -zxvf redmine-1.1.3.tar.gz
mv redmine-1.1.3 ./redmine
# Bundler & Gemfile
gem install bundler
cd redmine
vim Gemfile
# 貼上以下文字...
source :rubygems
source "http://rubygems.org"
source :rubyforge
source "http://gems.rubyforge.org"
source :gemcutter
source "http://gemcutter.org"
gem "rake", "0.8.3"
gem "rack", "1.0.1"
gem "i18n", "0.4.2"
gem "rubytree", "0.5.2", :require => "tree"
gem "RedCloth", "~>4.2.3", :require => "redcloth" # for CodeRay
gem "mysql"
gem "coderay", "~>0.9.7"
:wq
# Rails install
gem install rails -v=2.3.11 --no-ri --no-rdoc
gem install i18n -v=0.4.2 --no-ri --no-rdoc
gem install mysql --no-ri --no-rdoc
gem install cgi_multipart_eof_fix --no-ri --no-rdoc
gem install coderay --no-ri --no-rdoc
# bundle install
cd /var/www/html/redmine
bundle install
# Create Database
mysql -u root -p
create database redmine character set utf8;
exit
# Redmine setting
cp /var/www/html/redmine/config/database.yml.example /var/www/html/redmine/config/database.yml
cd /var/www/html/redmine
RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rake generate_session_store
RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rake db:migrate
RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rake redmine:load_default_data
選: zh-TW
# 設定 email.yml
cd /var/www/html/redmine/config
cp email.yml.example email.yml
vim email.yml
(SMTP 不驗證)
production:
delivery_method: :smtp
smtp_settings:
address: "localhost"
port: 25
domain: test.net ( 自訂 )
authentication: :none
( 因為 SMTP 不驗證 所以這兩筆註解掉 )
# user_name: "admin@test.net"
# password: "12345"
development:
delivery_method: :smtp
smtp_settings:
address: 127.0.0.1
port: 25
domain: test.net
authentication: :none
( 因為 SMTP 不驗證 所以這兩筆註解掉 )
# user_name: "admin@test.net"
# password: "12345"
# 設定執行redmine Script
vim /home/peter.peng/redmine.sh ( 訂redmine.sh )
#!/bin/bash
cd /var/www/html/redmine
ruby script/server -e production
登入方式
http://yourip:3000
添加 布景 在 redmin
# 安裝 http php mysql 套件
yum -y install httpd httpd-devel mysql mysql-devel mysql-server php php-mysql php-mbstring php-mcrypt php-gd
# Mysql 啟動
chkconfig mysqld on
/etc/init.d/mysqld start
# Bind 安裝
chkconfig named on
/etc/init.d/named start
# SMTP POP3 安裝
chkconfig smtp on; chkconfig dovecot on
/etc/init.d/postfix start
/etc/init.d/dovecot start
# BIND 安裝 與 設定 請參閱 Centos 5 install BIND
# SMTP 與 Dovecot 安裝 與 設定 請參閱 Centos 安裝 Postfix + Dovecot
# Ruby install
ftp ftp.ruby-lang.org
anonymous
cd /pub/ruby/1.8
get ruby-1.8.7-p334.tar.gz
quit
tar -zxvf ruby-1.8.7-p334.tar.gz ruby-1.8.7-p334
cd ruby-1.8.7-p334
./configure
make
make install
# RubyGem install
cd /opt
wget http://production.cf.rubygems.org/rubygems/rubygems-1.4.2.tgz
tar -zxvf rubygems-1.4.2.tgz
ruby ./rubygems-1.4.2/setup.rb
ruby -v
gem -v
# Redmine 主程式下載
cd /var/www/html
wget http://rubyforge.org/frs/download.php/74722/redmine-1.1.3.tar.gz
tar -zxvf redmine-1.1.3.tar.gz
mv redmine-1.1.3 ./redmine
# Bundler & Gemfile
gem install bundler
cd redmine
vim Gemfile
# 貼上以下文字...
source :rubygems
source "http://rubygems.org"
source :rubyforge
source "http://gems.rubyforge.org"
source :gemcutter
source "http://gemcutter.org"
gem "rake", "0.8.3"
gem "rack", "1.0.1"
gem "i18n", "0.4.2"
gem "rubytree", "0.5.2", :require => "tree"
gem "RedCloth", "~>4.2.3", :require => "redcloth" # for CodeRay
gem "mysql"
gem "coderay", "~>0.9.7"
:wq
# Rails install
gem install rails -v=2.3.11 --no-ri --no-rdoc
gem install i18n -v=0.4.2 --no-ri --no-rdoc
gem install mysql --no-ri --no-rdoc
gem install cgi_multipart_eof_fix --no-ri --no-rdoc
gem install coderay --no-ri --no-rdoc
# bundle install
cd /var/www/html/redmine
bundle install
# Create Database
mysql -u root -p
create database redmine character set utf8;
exit
# Redmine setting
cp /var/www/html/redmine/config/database.yml.example /var/www/html/redmine/config/database.yml
cd /var/www/html/redmine
RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rake generate_session_store
RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rake db:migrate
RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rake redmine:load_default_data
選: zh-TW
# 設定 email.yml
cd /var/www/html/redmine/config
cp email.yml.example email.yml
vim email.yml
(SMTP 不驗證)
production:
delivery_method: :smtp
smtp_settings:
address: "localhost"
port: 25
domain: test.net ( 自訂 )
authentication: :none
( 因為 SMTP 不驗證 所以這兩筆註解掉 )
# user_name: "admin@test.net"
# password: "12345"
development:
delivery_method: :smtp
smtp_settings:
address: 127.0.0.1
port: 25
domain: test.net
authentication: :none
( 因為 SMTP 不驗證 所以這兩筆註解掉 )
# user_name: "admin@test.net"
# password: "12345"
# 設定執行redmine Script
vim /home/peter.peng/redmine.sh ( 訂redmine.sh )
#!/bin/bash
cd /var/www/html/redmine
ruby script/server -e production
登入方式
http://yourip:3000
添加 布景 在 redmin
Centos 安裝 Postfix + Dovecot + Postfix SMTP 驗證
Centos 安裝 Postfix + Dovecot + Postfix SMTP 驗證
Step 1
安裝 Postfix 與 Dovecot 基本套件
yum -y install postfix dovecot system-switch-mail
※Centos 6.x 預設 MDA 為 Postfix，所以不需安裝 system-switch-mail
※Centos 6.x 預設沒有 vim，yum -y install vim
Step 2
開機時啟動 Postfix Dovecot
chkconfig postfix on
chkconfig dovecot on
Step 3 修改 main.cf
vim /etc/postfix/main.cf
myhostname = s1.test.net ( FQDN )
mydomain = test.net ( domain name )
myorigin = $myhostname ( 將 # 移掉 )
inet_interfaces = all
mydestionation = $myhostname, $mydomain, localhost.$mydomain, localhost
※( 指定 Postfix 會收下哪些域名的mail)
※Centos 6.x 會有 ipv6 protocol (不需要就注解掉)
#inet_protocols = all
mynetworks = 192.168.0.0/22, 127.0.0.0/8 ( SMTP relay 192.168.0.0/22 這個網段的信件)
alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases
alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
home_mailbox = Maildir/ ( 收下來的信件以目錄的格式儲存 )
Step 4 將aliases.db 轉成 postfix 格式
ls -al /etc/aliases ( 檢查 aliases 是否存在 )
newaliases ( 編譯 aliases 並轉為資料庫格式 aliases.db )
cat /etc/aliases.db
Step 5
修改 dovecot.conf
vim /etc/dovecot.conf
※Centos 6.x 的路徑在 /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf
Centos 5.x 修改的部分
protocols = pop3 ( 只留 pop3 的服務 )
mail_location = maildir:~/Maildir ( 搭配 main.cf 設定Maildir )
Centos 6.x 的路徑在 /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf，Centos 6.x 修改的部分
protocols = pop3
disable_plaintext_auth = no
#listen = *, :: 取消注解 listen = *
※ listen = *, ::(表示接收 ipv6)
取消 ssl
vim /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-ssl.conf
ssl = no
Step 6
安裝 cyrus-sasl-md5 cyrus-sasl-plain cyrus-sasl 套件
yum -y install cyrus-sasl-md5 cyrus-sasl-plain cyrus-sasl
修改 /etc/postfix/main.cf ，在後面加入
smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes
smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous
broken_sasl_auth_clients = yes
smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks,permit_sasl_authenticated,reject_unauth_destination
啟動 saslauthd 服務
chkconfig saslauthd on
/etc/init.d/saslauthd restart
Step 7
切換 Sendmail 為 Postfix (Centos 6.x 跳過此步驟)
system-switch-mail
Step 8
啟動 SMTP 與 POP 3 服務
/etc/init.d/postfix start
/etc/init.d/dovecot start
啟動 dovecot 時出現
tarting Dovecot Imap: Error: socket() failed: Address family not supported by protocol
Error: service(pop3-login): listen(::, 110) failed: Address family not supported by protocol
Fatal: Failed to start listeners
[FAILED]
表示 服務器沒啟動 IPv6，請將 listen = *, :: 改為 listen = * 即可
Step9
檢查 SMTP 與 POP3 服務是否都正常啟動
netstat -ntlp
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:110 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 7898/dovecot
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 7884/master
測試 SMTP 認證功能是否生效(要出現 LOGIN PLAIN )
Step1 輸入 telnet localhost 25
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
220 s1.test.net ESMTP Postfix
Step2 輸入 ehlo localhost
ehlo localhost
250-mail.pengsme.com
250-PIPELINING
250-SIZE 10240000
250-VRFY
250-ETRN
250-AUTH LOGIN PLAIN
250-AUTH=LOGIN PLAIN
250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES
250-8BITMIME
250 DSN
※測試 postfix 出現 Connection closed by foreign host.
telnet localhost 25
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
Connection closed by foreign host.
用 postconf -n 檢查 main.cf 設定
發現 mynetworks = 192.168.0..0/22, 127.0.0.0/8 設定錯誤，修正後再測試一次
telnet localhost 25
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
220 s1.test.net ESMTP Postfix
詳細設定請參閱 Postfx 三十天就上手
client 使用 web 收發E-mail!!!
yahoo pchome hotmail 拒絕接收自己架設的 SMTP 的 mail
Step 1
安裝 Postfix 與 Dovecot 基本套件
yum -y install postfix dovecot system-switch-mail
※Centos 6.x 預設 MDA 為 Postfix，所以不需安裝 system-switch-mail
※Centos 6.x 預設沒有 vim，yum -y install vim
Step 2
開機時啟動 Postfix Dovecot
chkconfig postfix on
chkconfig dovecot on
Step 3 修改 main.cf
vim /etc/postfix/main.cf
幾個基本需要修改的部分
myhostname = s1.test.net ( FQDN )
mydomain = test.net ( domain name )
myorigin = $myhostname ( 將 # 移掉 )
inet_interfaces = all
mydestionation = $myhostname, $mydomain, localhost.$mydomain, localhost
※( 指定 Postfix 會收下哪些域名的mail)
如 : @s1.test.net
@test.net
@localhost.test.net
@localhost※Centos 6.x 會有 ipv6 protocol (不需要就注解掉)
#inet_protocols = all
mynetworks = 192.168.0.0/22, 127.0.0.0/8 ( SMTP relay 192.168.0.0/22 這個網段的信件)
alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases
alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
home_mailbox = Maildir/ ( 收下來的信件以目錄的格式儲存 )
Step 4 將aliases.db 轉成 postfix 格式
ls -al /etc/aliases ( 檢查 aliases 是否存在 )
newaliases ( 編譯 aliases 並轉為資料庫格式 aliases.db )
cat /etc/aliases.db
Step 5
修改 dovecot.conf
vim /etc/dovecot.conf
※Centos 6.x 的路徑在 /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf
Centos 5.x 修改的部分
protocols = pop3 ( 只留 pop3 的服務 )
mail_location = maildir:~/Maildir ( 搭配 main.cf 設定Maildir )
Centos 6.x 的路徑在 /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf，Centos 6.x 修改的部分
protocols = pop3
disable_plaintext_auth = no
#listen = *, :: 取消注解 listen = *
※ listen = *, ::(表示接收 ipv6)
取消 ssl
vim /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-ssl.conf
ssl = no
Step 6
安裝 cyrus-sasl-md5 cyrus-sasl-plain cyrus-sasl 套件
yum -y install cyrus-sasl-md5 cyrus-sasl-plain cyrus-sasl
修改 /etc/postfix/main.cf ，在後面加入
smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes
smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous
broken_sasl_auth_clients = yes
smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks,permit_sasl_authenticated,reject_unauth_destination
啟動 saslauthd 服務
chkconfig saslauthd on
/etc/init.d/saslauthd restart
Step 7
切換 Sendmail 為 Postfix (Centos 6.x 跳過此步驟)
system-switch-mail
Step 8
啟動 SMTP 與 POP 3 服務
/etc/init.d/postfix start
/etc/init.d/dovecot start
啟動 dovecot 時出現
tarting Dovecot Imap: Error: socket() failed: Address family not supported by protocol
Error: service(pop3-login): listen(::, 110) failed: Address family not supported by protocol
Fatal: Failed to start listeners
[FAILED]
表示 服務器沒啟動 IPv6，請將 listen = *, :: 改為 listen = * 即可
Step9
檢查 SMTP 與 POP3 服務是否都正常啟動
netstat -ntlp
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:110 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 7898/dovecot
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 7884/master
測試 SMTP 認證功能是否生效(要出現 LOGIN PLAIN )
Step1 輸入 telnet localhost 25
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
220 s1.test.net ESMTP Postfix
Step2 輸入 ehlo localhost
ehlo localhost
250-mail.pengsme.com
250-PIPELINING
250-SIZE 10240000
250-VRFY
250-ETRN
250-AUTH LOGIN PLAIN
250-AUTH=LOGIN PLAIN
250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES
250-8BITMIME
250 DSN
※測試 postfix 出現 Connection closed by foreign host.
telnet localhost 25
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
Connection closed by foreign host.
用 postconf -n 檢查 main.cf 設定
發現 mynetworks = 192.168.0..0/22, 127.0.0.0/8 設定錯誤，修正後再測試一次
telnet localhost 25
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
220 s1.test.net ESMTP Postfix
詳細設定請參閱 Postfx 三十天就上手
client 使用 web 收發E-mail!!!
yahoo pchome hotmail 拒絕接收自己架設的 SMTP 的 mail
Centos 5 YUM BIND 與 簡易設定
Centos 5 YUM BIND 與 簡易設定
修改 root 路徑顯示方式 ( 個人喜好 )
vim /root/.bashrc
#在最後面貼上
PS1='\n\033[0;33m[\u@\h]\033[0m \033[0;31m\w\033[0m\n$ '
alias vi='vim'
前期要確認的工作如下 ：
STEP1 定義 HOSTS NAME ：ns
STEP2 定義 FQDN ： ns.psme.net
STEP3 定義 BIND IP ( localhost IP ) ：10.10.10.100 / 24
※FQDN ( 如果要透個DNS解析，則忽略此設定，如：小編無特別設定 )
vim /etc/sysconfig/network
HOSTNAME=ns.psme.net
※hosts name ( 如果要透個DNS解析，則忽略此設定，如：小編無特別設定 )
vim /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 ns
192.168.168.150 ns.psme.net
※network (請自行依照現實網路環境設定)
vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ethX
DEVICE=eth0
BOOTPROTO=static
BROADCAST=10.10.10.255
HWADDR=08:00:27:DF:31:BA
IPADDR=10.10.10.100
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
NETWORK=10.10.10.0
ONBOOT=yes
Step 1 bind 安裝
yum -y install bind bind-utils bind-chroot caching-nameserver
Step 2 要在 /var/log/named/named.log 下產生 log 則自行輸入
mkdir /var/log/named
touch /var/log/named/named.log
chown -R named:named /var/log/named
Step 3 複製 named.caching-nameserver.conf 為 named.conf
cd /var/named/chroot/etc
cp -R named.caching-nameserver.conf named.conf
chgrp named named.conf
Step 4 編輯 named.conf
vim /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf
修改 下列標記 即可，其餘不變。
範例 :
listen-on port 53 { any; };
allow-recursion { 10.10.10.0/24; };
allow-query { any; };
allow-query-cache { any; };
match-clients { any; };
match-destinations { any; };
include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones";
※ allow-recursion { 10.10.10.0/24; }; 只允許 10.10.10.0 這個網段 recursion
Step 5 編輯 named.rfc1912.zones
在最後面添加正反解宣告 :
範例 :
# 正解:
zone "psme.net" IN { <----網域名稱為 ns.psme.net
type master;
file "ns.psme.net";
allow-update { none; };
};
# 反解:
zone "10.10.10.in-addr.arpa" IN { <----IP 為 10.10.10.100
type master;
file "10.10.10.100";
allow-update { none; };
};
Step 6 設定正反解設定檔
cd /var/named/chroot/var/named
※自定 正解 檔名為 ns.psme.net 與 反解 檔名為 10.10.10.100
cp -R localdomain.zone ns.psme.net (正解檔 )
cp -R named.local 10.10.10.100 (反解檔)
chgrp named ns.psme.net
chgrp named 10.10.10.100
Step 7 修改 ns.psme.net
vim /var/named/chroot/var/named/ns.psme.net
範例
$TTL 86400
@ IN SOA ns.psme.net. root.ns.psme.net. (
42 ; serial (d. adams)
3H ; refresh
15M ; retry
1W ; expiry
1D ) ; minimum
@ IN NS ns.psme.net.
ns.psme.net. IN A 10.10.10.100
psme.net. IN A 10.10.10.100
;
@ IN MX 10 s1
s1 IN A 10.10.10.100
;
www.psme.net.(www) IN A 10.10.10.100
;s2.psme.net. IN CNAME www.lab.net.tw. (;表示註解)
Step 8 修改 10.10.10.100
vim /var/named/chroot/var/named/10.10.10.100
範例
$TTL 86400
@ IN SOA ns.psme.net. root.ns.psme.net. (
1997022700 ; Serial
28800 ; Refresh
14400 ; Retry
3600000 ; Expire
86400 ) ; Minimum
@ IN NS ns.pame.net.
;100 IN PTR ns.pame.net. (;表示註解)
100 IN PTR psme.net.
;
100 IN PTR www.psme.net.
100 IN PTR s1.psme.net.
Step 9 修改 localhost nameserver
vim /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 10.10.10.100 (添加localhost IP)
nameserver 168.95.1.1 ( ISP DNS)
※
hinet : 168.95.1.1
seednet : 139.175.55.244
google : 8.8.8.8
驗證
named-checkconf /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf
沒有錯誤訊息表示設置正確
named-checkzone (網域名稱) (正/反解檔)
named-checkzone ns.psme.net /var/named/chroot/var/named/ns.psme.net
named-checkzone 10.10.10.100 /var/named/chroot/var/named/10.10.10.100
出現 OK 表示設置正確
Step 10 啟動 BIND
chkconfig named on
/etc/init.d/named start
STEP 11 dig 驗證
dig psme.net
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;psme.net. IN A
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
psme.net. 86400 IN SOA ns.psme.net. root.ns.psme.net. 42 10800 900 604800 86400
dig ns.psme.net
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;ns.psme.net. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
ns.psme.net. 86400 IN A 10.10.10.100
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
psme.net. 86400 IN NS ns.psme.net.
dig -t mx psme.net
;psme.net. IN MX
;; ANSWER SECTION:
psme.net. 86400 IN MX 10 s1.psme.net.
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
psme.net. 86400 IN NS ns.psme.net.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
s1.psme.net. 86400 IN A 10.10.10.100
ns.psme.net. 86400 IN A 10.10.10.100
dig -x 10.10.10.100
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;100.10.10.10.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR
;; ANSWER SECTION:
100.10.10.10.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN PTR www.psme.net.
100.10.10.10.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN PTR s1.psme.net.
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
10.10.10.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN NS ns.psme.net.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
ns.psme.net. 86400 IN A 10.10.10.100
當如閱者有興趣可以使用webmin UI介面 建置 BIND，或可詳閱 DNS 資源紀錄、Bind設定
修改 root 路徑顯示方式 ( 個人喜好 )
vim /root/.bashrc
#在最後面貼上
PS1='\n\033[0;33m[\u@\h]\033[0m \033[0;31m\w\033[0m\n$ '
alias vi='vim'
前期要確認的工作如下 ：
STEP1 定義 HOSTS NAME ：ns
STEP2 定義 FQDN ： ns.psme.net
STEP3 定義 BIND IP ( localhost IP ) ：10.10.10.100 / 24
※FQDN ( 如果要透個DNS解析，則忽略此設定，如：小編無特別設定 )
vim /etc/sysconfig/network
HOSTNAME=ns.psme.net
※hosts name ( 如果要透個DNS解析，則忽略此設定，如：小編無特別設定 )
vim /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 ns
192.168.168.150 ns.psme.net
※network (請自行依照現實網路環境設定)
vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ethX
DEVICE=eth0
BOOTPROTO=static
BROADCAST=10.10.10.255
HWADDR=08:00:27:DF:31:BA
IPADDR=10.10.10.100
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
NETWORK=10.10.10.0
ONBOOT=yes
Step 1 bind 安裝
yum -y install bind bind-utils bind-chroot caching-nameserver
Step 2 要在 /var/log/named/named.log 下產生 log 則自行輸入
mkdir /var/log/named
touch /var/log/named/named.log
chown -R named:named /var/log/named
Step 3 複製 named.caching-nameserver.conf 為 named.conf
cd /var/named/chroot/etc
cp -R named.caching-nameserver.conf named.conf
chgrp named named.conf
Step 4 編輯 named.conf
vim /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf
修改 下列標記 即可，其餘不變。
範例 :
listen-on port 53 { any; };
allow-recursion { 10.10.10.0/24; };
allow-query { any; };
allow-query-cache { any; };
match-clients { any; };
match-destinations { any; };
include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones";
※ allow-recursion { 10.10.10.0/24; }; 只允許 10.10.10.0 這個網段 recursion
Step 5 編輯 named.rfc1912.zones
在最後面添加正反解宣告 :
範例 :
# 正解:
zone "psme.net" IN { <----網域名稱為 ns.psme.net
type master;
file "ns.psme.net";
allow-update { none; };
};
# 反解:
zone "10.10.10.in-addr.arpa" IN { <----IP 為 10.10.10.100
type master;
file "10.10.10.100";
allow-update { none; };
};
Step 6 設定正反解設定檔
cd /var/named/chroot/var/named
※自定 正解 檔名為 ns.psme.net 與 反解 檔名為 10.10.10.100
cp -R localdomain.zone ns.psme.net (正解檔 )
cp -R named.local 10.10.10.100 (反解檔)
chgrp named ns.psme.net
chgrp named 10.10.10.100
Step 7 修改 ns.psme.net
vim /var/named/chroot/var/named/ns.psme.net
範例
$TTL 86400
@ IN SOA ns.psme.net. root.ns.psme.net. (
42 ; serial (d. adams)
3H ; refresh
15M ; retry
1W ; expiry
1D ) ; minimum
@ IN NS ns.psme.net.
ns.psme.net. IN A 10.10.10.100
psme.net. IN A 10.10.10.100
;
@ IN MX 10 s1
s1 IN A 10.10.10.100
;
www.psme.net.(www) IN A 10.10.10.100
;s2.psme.net. IN CNAME www.lab.net.tw. (;表示註解)
vim /var/named/chroot/var/named/10.10.10.100
範例
$TTL 86400
@ IN SOA ns.psme.net. root.ns.psme.net. (
1997022700 ; Serial
28800 ; Refresh
14400 ; Retry
3600000 ; Expire
86400 ) ; Minimum
@ IN NS ns.pame.net.
;100 IN PTR ns.pame.net. (;表示註解)
100 IN PTR psme.net.
;
100 IN PTR www.psme.net.
100 IN PTR s1.psme.net.
Step 9 修改 localhost nameserver
vim /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 10.10.10.100 (添加localhost IP)
nameserver 168.95.1.1 ( ISP DNS)
※
hinet : 168.95.1.1
seednet : 139.175.55.244
google : 8.8.8.8
驗證
named-checkconf /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf
沒有錯誤訊息表示設置正確
named-checkzone (網域名稱) (正/反解檔)
named-checkzone ns.psme.net /var/named/chroot/var/named/ns.psme.net
named-checkzone 10.10.10.100 /var/named/chroot/var/named/10.10.10.100
出現 OK 表示設置正確
Step 10 啟動 BIND
chkconfig named on
/etc/init.d/named start
STEP 11 dig 驗證
dig psme.net
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;psme.net. IN A
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
psme.net. 86400 IN SOA ns.psme.net. root.ns.psme.net. 42 10800 900 604800 86400
dig ns.psme.net
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;ns.psme.net. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
ns.psme.net. 86400 IN A 10.10.10.100
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
psme.net. 86400 IN NS ns.psme.net.
dig -t mx psme.net
;psme.net. IN MX
;; ANSWER SECTION:
psme.net. 86400 IN MX 10 s1.psme.net.
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
psme.net. 86400 IN NS ns.psme.net.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
s1.psme.net. 86400 IN A 10.10.10.100
ns.psme.net. 86400 IN A 10.10.10.100
dig -x 10.10.10.100
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;100.10.10.10.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR
;; ANSWER SECTION:
100.10.10.10.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN PTR www.psme.net.
100.10.10.10.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN PTR s1.psme.net.
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
10.10.10.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN NS ns.psme.net.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
ns.psme.net. 86400 IN A 10.10.10.100
當如閱者有興趣可以使用webmin UI介面 建置 BIND，或可詳閱 DNS 資源紀錄、Bind設定
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